Would the atmosphere cease to exist?
There are some gasses that will basically never freeze. Hydrogen freezes at -259.5°C for example and you’ll basically never find anywhere that cold in the known universe except for here on Earth. Even as you go up the period table, individual elements still freeze at a very, very low temperate. Oxygen comes in at −218.79°C. Molecules obviously behave differently, but the general freezing point of what we call “air” which is mostly Nitrogen with a little bit of Oxygen freezes somewhere below -210°C.
So it’s pretty unlikely that an entire atmosphere would freeze and fall down as precipitation. There are very, very few places in the known universe that could have an atmosphere and yet get that cold.
Why are you assuming it would have to freeze to fall as precipitation? You ever hear of rain?
True, though you could have been less rude about it. I had forgotten about the condensation point. It’s pretty similar though and doesn’t change anything about my answer. Condensation of Oxygen is -183°C, Nitrogen -196°C. It’s hard to find condensation data on “air” because there’s a similar term called the “dew point” at which humidity starts condensating out of the air, but it’s probably around -190°C.
Again, there’s basically nowhere in the known universe that’s that cold, especially on a planetary body with an atmosphere, except for here on Earth in a lab.
Recorded temperatures at the poles of Titan indicate it’s just cold enough for oxygen to condense (-183.1 Deg. C). Unfortunately, even though cold enough, there isn’t any free oxygen detected in the atmosphere of the moon. Although it does rain methane, it’s predicted there are cryo-volcanoes, and water is as hard as stone. There are really interesting atmospheric phenomena occurring on the moon.
Side question. I always thought that it was colder in deep space than anywhere near a star. What about earth causes things to naturally (not talking artificial stuff like freezers) get cooler than places in space that have no heat source?
Naturally occurring? Yeah space wins. But artificially? The hottest and coldest temperatures ever recorded were here on Earth in a lab. Here’s a cool infographic about it. The TLDR of which is the coldest temperature was -273 °C and the hottest (currently – the early universe was hotter) was 5.5 trillion °C both on Earth.