22 points
This does not stop companies being successful in IPOs and giving share holders lucrative gains. Take Atlassian as an example of a company seen as successful but is not profitable.
Atlassian has not yet posted a full-year profit in its 20+ years
17 points
13 points
I am not a CFO but I believe essentially by eating into cash reserves and accumulating debt. Also there is some wizardry when you work out operating profit / EBIT.
Someone more financially competent may want to offer a more accurate answer.