Related question: is what’s happening here similar to how on old Apple computers, if you look closely at white text, you can clearly see green and purple pixels within it?
No - that was because of composite artifact colors, this is because of ClearType.
Nope. Apple used its own sub pixel rendering approach - that wasn’t ClearType. Apple emphasised fidelity of letter spacing - for layout designers - which made fonts at small size famously ‘soft’ or fuzzy. I rather liked the effect, others didn’t.
They nuked in in MacOS Mojave with the rise of Retina displays
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonts_on_Macintosh#Subpixel_rendering
https://www.howtogeek.com/358596/how-to-fix-blurry-fonts-on-macos-mojave-with-subpixel-antialiasing/