An expansion tank is necessary for water heaters, because the process of heating water causes it to expand. Without an expansion tank, pressure could build to unsafe levels
All tanks are equipped with a safety release for the pressure and the only time when that delta in pressure can be problematic is when you go from completely cold to hot due to the higher amount of water that can fit in the tank at lower temp.
Otherwise I’ve never seen a house in Canada with an extension tank attached to the water heater and the water come in ice cold in the winter.
Pressure won’t build up, it will be let out by the pressure relief valve and make a mess on the floor. Which is also undesirable.
If it’s necessary then how did my last tank make it 20 years without one?
The expansion tank isn’t just for the water heater. That increased pressure puts undue strain on the entire plumbing system in your home. It will cause toilet fill valves to fail, supply lines to rupture, and possibly even pinhole leaks. A lot of plumbing issues are solved by installing an expansion tank.
Honestly, I don’t know, I’m not a plumber. There are a couple possibilities, including that it was built into the water heater or the relief valve did it’s thing. Some water heaters don’t need expansion tanks at all, either. It’s generally a “just in case” thing, since the right failures in the wrong way could lead to a hot water bomb going off in your house.