Windows only updates the bootloader, it doesn’t touch Linux partitions. After an update you just have to fix the bootloader again which isn’t too hard if you know how it works.
I’d argue one shouldn’t even be messing with dual booting if they don’t understand much about the bootloader.
My counterpoint would be how does one best learn about anything if not by messing with it
I’m sure it varies a lot, but you should be able to enter bios setup and add a boot option. There may be a file browser type popup and you can add the known file as a boot option. Right now it may be looking for the old file location on the current windows boot option you have.